Wells J C English Intonation Pdf 172 UPDATED
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Jerome Wells did an early study of intonation in British English[10], including a complete description of the intonational patterns and a questionnaire to examine the variation of intonation in British English (J. Wells, 1918). Wells divided intonation into four main pitch levels: high level (about two standard deviations above the mean of the voice), mid level (at approximately the mean), low level (two standard deviations below the mean), and falling level (very low pitch, about four standard deviations below the mean). He found that variation of intonation was present in every sentence, and that there were two kinds of variation: the first involves moving from falling to mid level (typically at the end of a question or question-answer pair, for example, "Can you have Dalston but London?") and the second involves ‘skipping’ tones within individual intonation patterns (he attributed this to the ‘local intonation’ associated with dialect). Wells also found variation in the tendency to use various tones. In the 1918 paper, he found that almost half of the speakers he studied used a low falling or rising pitch. In the 1960s he reported that ‘falling intonation is missing in both British and American English, apart from some special cases,’[13] while more recent work suggests that this is changing, with hesitation falling and rising intonation peaking in certain US dialects,[14][15][16][17][18] and rising falling seen in Canadian English[19][20]
Although this aspect of British English has been widely studied since the 1960s, there have been few studies of broad-scale variation. A few studies in the 1980s concentrated on regional variation by noting differences when relating the intonation to the speaker’s social status. Such studies can be found in Dyson (1981), Gaunt & Starkie (1981), Tye (1998), and Wells & Biberman (1989). More recent studies use modern intonation-production software, such as the IViE Software[64]. d2c66b5586