Atrophy (Original Deep Sea Mix)
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Mechanotherapy, a form of therapy given by manual or mechanical means, is thought to have broad potential for tissue repair. The best-known example is massage, which applies compressive stimulation to muscles for their relaxation. However, it has been much less clear whether stretching and contracting muscles by external means can also be a treatment. So far, two major challenges have prevented such studies: limited mechanical systems capable of evenly generating stretching and contraction forces along the length of muscles, and inefficient delivery of these mechanical stimuli to the surface and into the deeper layers of muscle tissue.
Now, bioengineers at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University and the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) have developed a mechanically active adhesive named MAGENTA, which functions as a soft robotic device and solves this two-fold problem. In an animal model, MAGENTA successfully prevented and supported the recovery from muscle atrophy. The team's findings are published in Nature Materials.
\"With MAGENTA, we developed a new integrated multi-component system for the mechanostimulation of muscle that can be directly placed on muscle tissue to trigger key molecular pathways for growth,\" said senior author and Wyss Founding Core Faculty member David Mooney, Ph.D. \"While the study provides first proof-of-concept that externally provided stretching and contraction movements can prevent atrophy in an animal model, we think that the device's core design can be broadly adapted to various disease settings where atrophy is a major issue.\" Mooney leads the Wyss Institute's Immuno-Materials Platform, and is also the Robert P. Pinkas Family Professor of Bioengineering at SEAS.
One of MAGENTA's major components is an engineered spring made from nitinol, a type of metal known as \"shape memory alloy\" (SMA) that enables MAGENTA's rapid actuation when heated to a certain temperature. The researchers actuated the spring by electrically wiring it to a microprocessor unit that allows the frequency and duration of the stretching and contraction cycles to be programmed. The other components of MAGENTA are an elastomer matrix that forms the body of the device and insulates the heated SMA, and a \"tough adhesive\" that enables the device to be firmly adhered to muscle tissue. In this way, the device is aligned with the natural axis of muscle movement, transmitting the mechanical force generated by SMA deep into the muscle. Mooney's group is advancing MAGENTA, which stands for \"mechanically active gel-elastomer-nitinol tissue adhesive,\" as one of several Tough Gel Adhesives with functionalities tailored to various regenerative applications across multiple tissues.
Next, to evaluate its therapeutic efficacy, the researchers used an in vivo model of muscle atrophy by immobilizing a mouse's hind limb in a tiny cast-like enclosure for up to two weeks after implanting the MAGENTA device on it. \"\"While untreated muscles and muscles treated with the device but not stimulated significantly wasted away during this period, the actively stimulated muscles showed reduced muscle wasting,\" said first-author and Wyss Technology Development Fellow Sungmin Nam, Ph.D. \"Our approach could also promote the recovery of muscle mass that already had been lost over a three-week period of immobilization, and induce the activation of the major biochemical mechanotransduction pathways known to elicit protein synthesis and muscle growth.\"
In a previous study, Mooney's group in collaboration with Wyss Associate Faculty member Conor Walsh's group found that regulated cyclical compression (as opposed to stretching and contraction) of acutely injured muscles, using a different soft robotic device, reduced inflammation and enabled the repair of muscle fibers in acutely injured muscle. In their new study, Mooney's team asked whether those compressive forces could also protect from muscle atrophy. However, when they directly compared muscle compression via the previous device to muscle stretching and contraction via the MAGENTA device, only the latter had clear therapeutic effects in the mouse atrophy model. \"There is a good chance that distinct soft robotic approaches with their unique effects on muscle tissue could open up disease or injury-specific mechano-therapeutic avenues,\" said Mooney.
To further expand the possibilities of MAGENTA, the team explored whether the SMA spring could also be actuated by laser light, which had not been shown before and would make the approach essentially wireless, broadening its therapeutic usefulness. Indeed, they demonstrated that an implanted MAGENTA device without any electric wires could function as a light-responsive actuator and deform muscle tissue when irradiated with laser light through the overlying skin layer. While laser actuation did not achieve the same frequencies as electrical actuation, and especially fat tissue seemed to absorb some laser light, the researchers think that the demonstrated light sensitivity and performance of the device could be further improved. \"The general capabilities of MAGENTA and fact that its assembly can be easily scaled from millimeters to several centimeters could make it interesting as a central piece of future mechanotherapy not only to treat atrophy, but perhaps also to accelerate regeneration in the skin, heart, and other places that might benefit from this form of mechanotransduction,\" said Nam.
Like progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), the term retinitis pigmentosa (RP) refers to a group of diseases with similar pathology but distinct genetic causes. Because of the clinical similarities between the canine and human diseases, Cornell University scientists have previously cloned and sequenced the canine equivalents of several human genes with known roles in the inheritance of RP. The so-called candidate gene approach was used successfully in studies of rod-cone dysplasia 1, a form of PRA that occurs only in Irish setters. A mutation-based blood test developed by the Cornell group has been in use since 1994 for identifying carriers of the Irish setter disease.
Today, we no longer have such a deep pool of experience, and it is a truism that you can't teach experience. New technologies are worthy of investment, but as the essay suggests, such research should be operationally driven for we simply do not have time for unfocused academic research.
Unlike most other deepsea anglerfish, H. mollis lacks pigmentation, and both sexes appear pallid and translucent, with the musculature and portions of the skeleton clearly showing through the skin. Free-living males only grow to about 2 cm (0.8 in), and differ from the adult and juvenile females by the noticeable lack of a short, bubble-like esca and having comparatively small fins. Juvenile females lack the spinous ornamentation on the head.[4]
When refering to evidence in academic writing, you should always try to reference the primary (original) source. That is usually the journal article where the information was first stated. In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. Physiopedia articles are best used to find the original sources of information (see the references list at the bottom of the article).
Physical training alters the appearance of skeletal muscles and can produce changes in muscle performance.The reverse ie a lack of use can result in decreased performance and muscle appearance. Although muscle cells can change in size, new cells are not formed when muscles grow. Instead, structural proteins are added to muscle fibers in a process called hypertrophy, so cell diameter increases. Conversely when structural proteins are lost and muscle mass decreases atrophy is said to occur.
Physiotherapists treat a whole range of muscular conditions eg muscle injury; muscle rehabilitation; sports enhancement of muscle; disuse atrophy; physical exercise promotion and education ...basically all the disorders of muscles you can think of!
For some, optimized thyroid hormone replacement therapy will be the answer, but others may need to dig deeper to address key root causes (especially nutrient deficiencies) that may lead to muscle issues.
Sarcopenia is a form of muscle wasting that most often occurs with aging and/or immobility. Although it is primarily a disease of the elderly, its development may be associated with conditions that are not exclusively seen in older persons, including hormone dysregulation. The primary characteristics are a loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality, and strength. Factors including exercise, comorbidities, and nutrition can influence the rate of muscle atrophy. To an extent, this type of muscle loss is normal, and adults begin losing approximately 3-5 percent of their muscle mass per decade, after the age of 30.
Studies have demonstrated that thyroid hormone levels can have an impact on muscle atrophy, as was observed in a 2015 study in Korea, which found that higher T4 levels were associated with sarcopenia in both men and women over the age of 60, when both gait speed and grip strength were measured.
Gundersen thinks the results contradict the conventional wisdom that nuclei disappear when muscles atrophy. \"Nuclei are lost by cell death,\" he says, \"just not the actual muscle nuclei that confer strength.\" What's more, he says these retained extra nuclei might explain how a muscle remembers its past fitness.
To test this idea, his lab gave some mice testosterone, and left others untreated. The doped mice got a boost in muscle mass and muscle nuclei. Then the scientists left both groups to atrophy for three months, about 15 percent of a mouse's life span.
University of Massachusetts' Schwartz believes this phenomenon can probably be generalized to most muscle types across the tree of life. He points to his own work in moths, where he also found that nuclei remain as muscles atrophy. 59ce067264
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